Longer tamoxifen use cuts breast cancer deaths

Breast cancer patients taking the drug tamoxifen can cut their chances of having the disease come back or kill them if they stay on the pills for 10 years instead of five years as doctors recommend now, a major study finds.

The results could change treatment, especially for younger women. The findings are a surprise because earlier research suggested that taking the hormone-blocking drug for longer than five years didn’t help and might even be harmful.

In the new study, researchers found that women who took tamoxifen for 10 years lowered their risk of a recurrence by 25 percent and of dying of breast cancer by 29 percent compared to those who took the pills for just five years.

In absolute terms, continuing on tamoxifen kept three additional women out of every 100 from dying of breast cancer within five to 14 years from when their disease was diagnosed. When added to the benefit from the first five years of use, a decade of tamoxifen can cut breast cancer mortality in half during the second decade after diagnosis, researchers estimate.

Some women balk at taking a preventive drug for so long, but for those at high risk of a recurrence, “this will be a convincer that they should continue,” said Dr. Peter Ravdin, director of the breast cancer program at the UT Health Science Center in San Antonio.

He reviewed results of the study, which was being presented Wednesday at a breast cancer conference in San Antonio and published by the British medical journal Lancet.

About 50,000 of the roughly 230,000 new cases of breast cancer in the United States each year occur in women before menopause. Most breast cancers are fueled by estrogen, and hormone blockers are known to cut the risk of recurrence in such cases.

Tamoxifen long was the top choice, but newer drugs called aromatase inhibitors — sold as Arimidex, Femara, Aromasin and in generic form — do the job with less risk of causing uterine cancer and other problems.

But the newer drugs don’t work well before menopause. Even some women past menopause choose tamoxifen over the newer drugs, which cost more and have different side effects such as joint pain, bone loss and sexual problems.

The new study aimed to see whether over a very long time, longer treatment with tamoxifen could help.

Dr. Christina Davies of the University of Oxford in England and other researchers assigned 6,846 women who already had taken tamoxifen for five years to either stay on it or take dummy pills for another five years.

Researchers saw little difference in the groups five to nine years after diagnosis. But beyond that time, 15 percent of women who had stopped taking tamoxifen after five years had died of breast cancer versus 12 percent of those who took it for 10 years. Cancer had returned in 25 percent of women on the shorter treatment versus 21 percent of those treated longer.

Tamoxifen had some troubling side effects: Longer use nearly doubled the risk of endometrial cancer. But it rarely proved fatal, and there was no increased risk among premenopausal women in the study — the very group tamoxifen helps most.

“Overall the benefits of extended tamoxifen seemed to outweigh the risks substantially,” Dr. Trevor Powles of the Cancer Centre London wrote in an editorial published with the study.

The study was sponsored by cancer research organizations in Britain and Europe, the United States Army, and AstraZeneca PLC, which makes Nolvadex, a brand of tamoxifen, which also is sold as a generic for 10 to 50 cents a day. Brand-name versions of the newer hormone blockers, aromatase inhibitors, are $ 300 or more per month, but generics are available for much less.

The results pose a quandary for breast cancer patients past menopause and those who become menopausal because of their treatment — the vast majority of cases. Previous studies found that starting on one of the newer hormone blockers led to fewer relapses than initial treatment with tamoxifen did.

Another study found that switching to one of the new drugs after five years of tamoxifen cut the risk of breast cancer recurrence nearly in half — more than what was seen in the new study of 10 years of tamoxifen.

“For postmenopausal women, the data still remain much stronger at this point for a switch to an aromatase inhibitor,” said that study’s leader, Dr. Paul Goss of Massachusetts General Hospital. He has been a paid speaker for a company that makes one of those drugs.

Women in his study have not been followed long enough to see whether switching cuts deaths from breast cancer, as 10 years of tamoxifen did. Results are expected in about a year.

The cancer conference is sponsored by the American Association for Cancer Research, Baylor College of Medicine and the UT Health Science Center.

___

Marilynn Marchione can be followed at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP

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Amazon’s Holiday Run Helps Put UPS in Prime Position

Yeah, I’ll admit it: Not only do I read the Economist, I look forward to my weekly copy. It makes me look and feel smart, all that erudition and high-concept cheek, and no one writes a better obit. I imagine a bunch of Economist editors who look like Alistair Cooke teaching me SAT-busting words like “corpulent” and “eldritch.” I regret the gang feud between our magazines.

This week, the Economist crew ran a brilliant cover on the great tech wars of 2012. One doozy of an observation:

Rather than try to replicate [Amazon’s] extensive network of warehouses, Google is looking for partnerships with shipping companies and retailers instead. But if it is serious about taking on Amazon, it may ultimately have to buy a logistics firm. At $ 69 billion UPS has a market value less than a third of Google’s; it is valued at less than twice the search giant’s cash pile.

Google (GOOG) buying UPS (UPS) may sound ridiculous, but I got to thinking about the shipper’s cyberstrategic import the other day when I was returning two Amazon (AMZN) packages at the UPS Store. I waited in line behind a woman with multiple Zappos (Amazon) returns, and encountered UPS again that night when I went all Amazon Prime on orthotics and a new camera. And some mail-order Indian food for my brother. Shipping fees need not apply in this brave new world, where UPS gets paid on both ends, and solidly more next year than now.

I’m not an isolated example. According to ChannelAdvisor, in the five days from Thanksgiving through Cyber Monday, client sales on Amazon jumped 38 percent from a year earlier. Amazon played Cyber Monday like a 14th century cello, offering deals that leave brick-and-mortar stores struggling to compete. And if two-day UPS is now the Amazon Prime industry standard, local express delivery is its next big one.

Now, ponder the statistical impossibility of the U.S. Postal Service, which just registered a $ 15.9 billion annual loss and is begging to ditch Saturday delivery, provisioning same-day service. Tip your mailman well this Christmas, because the Postal Service is on track to have less than a four-day supply of cash on hand by the end of the fiscal year, one that is all but certain to see more post offices close.

That means opportunity, and pricing power, for UPS and FedEx (FDX). “They are the modern-day equivalents of the pick-and-shovel sellers to the old California gold rush,” says Paul Price, a former Merrill Lynch and A.G. Edwards broker who now manages his own money. “They win regardless of which Internet-related retailer makes the sale.” One UPS store manager I spoke with (off the record, per company policy) said customers have been asking him left and right about Saturday pricing.

Price says that UPS now trades at its second-lowest valuation in two decades, and with one of the highest current dividend yields ever. Since the start of the current bull market three and a half years ago, UPS, a true cyclical, has lagged the Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index’s total return by a hefty 12 percentage points. Price thinks UPS is primed to rally 25 percent to 30 percent in the year ahead.

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Sri Lanka see backlash from Aussie ‘wounded soldiers’

(Reuters) – Sri Lanka captain Mahela Jayawardene has warned his team to be wary of a backlash from Australia in their three-test series after the hosts were stung by their series defeat to South Africa earlier this week.

Australia’s hopes of snatching the Proteas’ top test ranking ended in a crushing 309-run defeat in the third and final test in Perth on Monday, but Jayawardene took little comfort from the home side’s disappointment.

“I see them as wounded soldiers – they could come back stronger against us,” Jayawardene told reporters in Canberra on Wednesday, on the eve of a three-day tour match against a Chairman’s XI side.

“So we just need to make sure we are ready for that and start well.

“We can’t be complacent – we need to make sure we know from ball one we give them a good go at it.”

Sri Lanka have their own problems coming into the first test at Hobart next week, losing their last test at home to New Zealand by 167 runs to level a two-match series 1-1, with key batsmen out of form.

Kumar Sangakkara scored five, nought and 16 in his three innings against New Zealand, but Jayawardene backed the veteran to bounce back in Sri Lanka’s bid to win their first test Down Under.

“I am happy that he went through a lean phase because he’ll be really hungry for runs – that’s Kumar for you,” Jayawardene said of the 35-year-old stalwart.

Jayawardene also said he would weigh up his future as captain after the series, which includes tests in Melbourne and Sydney, after taking on the role for a second time in the wake of Tillakaratne Dilshan’s sudden resignation in January.

“After this, we get a well-deserved four weeks off, after about three years, so it gives me a bit of time to think (about) what I need to do,” said Jayawardene, who captained the team for more than three years in his first stint from 2006.

“We need to groom another leader as well. It’s very important to have that changeover done smoothly while the senior players are still in the side.”

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Student group to go to court over Facebook privacy policy

VIENNA (Reuters) – An Austrian student group plans to go to court in a bid to make Facebook Inc, the world’s biggest social network, do more to protect the privacy of its hundreds of millions of members.

Campaign group europe-v-facebook, which has been lobbying for better data protection by Facebook for over a year, said on Tuesday it planned to go to court to appeal against decisions by the data protection regulator in Ireland, where Facebook has its international headquarters.

The move is one of a number of campaigns against the giants of the internet, which are under pressure from investors to generate more revenue from their huge user bases but which also face criticism for storing and sharing personal information.

Internet search engine Google, for example, has been told by the European Union to make changes to its new privacy policy, which pools data collected on individual users across its services including YouTube, gmail and social network Google+, and from which users cannot opt out.

Europe-v-facebook has won some concessions from Facebook, notably pushing it to switch off its facial recognition feature in Europe.

But the group said on Tuesday the changes did not go far enough and it was disappointed with the response of the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (DPC), which had carried out an audit after the campaign group filed numerous complaints.

Facebook, due to hold a conference call later on Tuesday to answer customer concerns about its privacy policy, said its data protection policies exceeded European requirements.

“The latest Data Protection report demonstrates not only how Facebook adheres to European data protection law but also how we go beyond it, in achieving best practice,” a Facebook spokesman said in an emailed comment.

“Nonetheless we have some vocal critics who will never be happy whatever we do and whatever the DPC concludes.”

LOSING PATIENCE

Europe-v-facebook founder Max Schrems, who has filed 22 complaints with the Irish regulator, said more than 40,000 Facebook users who had requested a copy of the data Facebook was holding on them had not received anything several months after making a request.

“The Irish obviously have no great political interest in going up against these companies because they’re so dependent on the jobs they create,” Schrems told Reuters.

Gary Davies, Ireland’s deputy data protection commissioner, denied Facebook’s investment in Ireland had influenced regulation of the company.

“We have handled this in a highly professional and focused way and we have brought about huge changes in the way Facebook handles personal data,” he told Reuters.

Schrems also questioned why Facebook had only switched off facial recognition for users in the European Union, even though Ireland is the headquarters for all of Facebook’s users outside the United States and Canada.

Facebook is under pressure to reverse a trend of slowing revenue growth by selling more valuable advertising, which requires better profiling of its users.

Investors are losing patience with the social network, whose shares have dropped 40 percent in value since the company’s record-breaking $ 104 billion initial public offering in May.

Last month, Facebook proposed to combine its user data with that of its recently acquired photo-sharing service Instagram, loosen restrictions on emails between its members and share data with other businesses and affiliates that it owns.

Facebook is also facing a class-action lawsuit in the United States, where it is charged with violating privacy rights by publicizing users’ “likes” without giving them a way to opt out.

A U.S. judge late on Monday gave his preliminary approval to a second attempt to settle the case by paying users up to $ 10 each out of a settlement fund of $ 20 million.

Europe-v-facebook said it believed its Irish battle had the potential to become a test case for data protection law and had a good chance of landing up in the European Court of Justice.

Schrems said the case could cost the group around 100,000 euros ($ 130,000), which it hoped to raise via crowd-funding – money provided by a collection of individuals – on the Internet.

(Additional reporting by Conor Humphries in Dublin; Editing by Mark Potter)

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Scientists find gene link to teenage binge drinking

LONDON (Reuters) – Scientists have unpicked the brain processes involved in teenage alcohol abuse and say their findings help explain why some young people have more of a tendency to binge drink.

A study published in the Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) journal found that a gene known as RASGRF-2 plays a crucial role in controlling how alcohol stimulates the brain to release dopamine, triggering feelings of reward.

“If people have a genetic variation of the RASGRF-2 gene, alcohol gives them a stronger sense of reward, making them more likely to be heavy drinkers,” said Gunter Schumann, who led the study at King’s College London’s Institute of Psychiatry.

Alcohol and other addictive drugs activate the brain’s dopamine systems, which induces feelings of pleasure and reward.

Worldwide, some 2.5 million people die each year from the harmful use of alcohol, accounting for about 3.8 percent of all deaths, according to the World Health Organisation.

Recent studies also carried out by scientists at the IoP have found that RASGRF-2 is a risk gene for alcohol abuse, but until now the mechanism involved in the process was not clear.

For this study, scientists initially looked at mice who had been modified to have the RASGRF2 gene removed, to see how they reacted to alcohol. They found the lack of RASGRF-2 was linked to a significant reduction in alcohol-seeking activity.

They also discovered that when the mice did consume alcohol, the absence of RASGRF-2 reduced the activity of dopamine-releasing neurons in a region of the brain called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) – preventing the brain from releasing dopamine and limiting any sense of reward.

The team then analyzed brain scans of 663 14-year old boys and found that when they were anticipating a reward in a mental test, those with genetic variations to the RASGRF2 gene had more activity in an area of the brain closely linked to the VTA and also involved in dopamine release.

This suggests people with a genetic variation on the RASGRF-2 gene release more dopamine when anticipating a reward, and hence derive more pleasure from it, the scientists said.

To confirm the findings, the team analyzed drinking behavior from the same group of boys two years later when many of them had already begun drinking frequently.

They found that those with the RASGRF-2 gene variation drank more often at the age of 16 than those without it.

“People seek out situations which fulfill their sense of reward and make them happy, so if your brain is wired to find alcohol rewarding, you will seek it out,” Schumann said in a statement about the research. “We now understand the chain of action: how our genes shape this function in our brains and how that, in turn, leads to human behavior.”

Experts writing in The Lancet journal in February said up to 210,000 people in England and Wales will be killed prematurely by alcohol in the next 20 years, with a third of those preventable deaths due to liver disease alone.

(Reporting by Kate Kelland)

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A Gambling Parlor on Your Smartphone

Speaking at his first casino conference in Copenhagen two years ago, Christopher Griffin wondered why every demonstration of online gambling looked like casino games that have been played for decades in Las Vegas. Casino executives, he realized, were unprepared for the threat posed by Zynga (ZNGA) and other social game developers intent on bringing elements of online games to gambling and putting their products on smartphones and tablets. “No one was talking about the social aspects of gambling, or the devices in everyone’s pockets,” says Griffin. “It struck me that this is an industry ripe to get its lunch eaten.”

Griffin decided to provide social game developers with tools to create betting games that can be played on mobile devices or a PC. His company, Betable, now lets game companies offer online gambling wherever it’s legal. He’s teamed up with game makers to produce online versions of poker, blackjack, and roulette, and is in the process of adding wagering to social media games.

Depending on the game, players compete with each other or against the game maker. Betable provides a platform for developers to create games in which players bet with real money, and handles the infrastructure, payment, licenses, antifraud procedures, and verification needed to prove a customer is located where online gambling is legal. When first-time players click to indicate they want to wager money, the game prompts them to create a Betable account, and the company’s U.K.-based servers handle all monetary transactions. Because the transactions take place on those servers, Betable’s license isn’t restricted to a physical location, allowing the company to provide a legal gambling platform in countries where gaming isn’t outlawed. Companies split proceeds 50/50 with Betable, say executives at the companies who declined to be identified because the contracts are private.

A Department of Justice opinion last year opened the door for states to legalize most forms of online gambling except sports betting. Many are scrambling to do so. Nevada has begun granting licenses for online poker, and Delaware and New Jersey are on track to follow next year, according to the American Gaming Association. Cowen analyst Doug Creutz says it could take five years before online wagering becomes legal nationwide.

The mobile-gambling business will grow to $ 100 billion worldwide by 2017, according to Juniper Research. With interest in social games showing signs of waning—the number of video game players in the U.S. declined by 5 percent in the last year, according to researcher NPD Group—Zynga and other developers don’t want to wait. Betable, funded by Greylock Partners, Founders Fund, and other venture capitalists, has signed with nearly a dozen companies to offer gambling on mobile devices in the U.K. and other markets. “The European market is fairly well-established, and it’s a market where there’s not been a lot of money invested,” Creutz says.

Typically it takes a minimum of 18 months to get licensed in each country a company wants to operate in and costs millions of dollars to navigate Byzantine rules. Paul Thelen, chief executive officer of Seattle-based game developer Big Fish Games, figures signing with Betable helped shave months off the company’s plan to deliver Big Fish’s slots app in the U.K. The game debuted on mobile devices in October.

Casino operators say they will roll out their own mobile games when they’re legal in the U.S., and some already accept real-money wagers on their websites elsewhere. The social game makers say they have a built-in customer base for real-money wagering. Sixty percent of people who play social games such as Bingo Blingo and Big Fish Casino live outside the U.S., says Josh Yguado, president of Social Gaming Network, a gaming company owned by the founders of Myspace, which announced a partnership with Betable on Nov. 29. “There’s a real art to making a great game that has all the social features around it,” Yguado says. “That’s what we’re good at.”

Big Fish’s Thelen also likes his chances against the incumbents. With Betable’s technology, he can devote resources to delivering features that many land-based casinos offer when they have a captive audience surrounded by bright lights and throngs of customers. A poker game could come with such options as letting players buy a round of virtual drinks for the table, he says. “We can build an experience around the games, with great casual twists that casino makers don’t understand,” he says.

Griffin says casino games are only the beginning for social game developers. At a recent hackathon, designers showed titles that included raising a horse in a fashion similar to FarmVille-type games, and then paying to enter a race against other players’ horses. “Real money resets everything and creates a level playing field,” Griffin says. “This is not an incremental change. This is really a tectonic shift.”

The bottom line: Developers of social games are trying to counter declining interest by bringing casino-style gambling to mobile devices

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Officials: NATO to decide on missiles for Turkey

BRUSSELS (AP) — NATO foreign ministers are expected to approve Turkey‘s request for Patriot anti-missile systems to bolster its defense against possible strikes from neighboring Syria.

NATO foreign ministers are meeting on Tuesday and Wednesday in Brussels. Parliaments in both nations must approve the deployment, which would also involve several hundred soldiers.

Ankara, which has been highly supportive of the Syrian opposition, wants the Patriots to defend against possible retaliatory attacks by Syrian missiles carrying chemical warheads. NATO leaders have repeatedly said they would provide any assistance Turkey needs.

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Hands-On With the World-Changing $40 Tablet

Aakash2

The Aakash2 is available for $ 40.41 (2,263 rupees), but the government of India will subsidize half the cost for schoolchildren. The tablet is conceived as a tool to help end India‘s rampant illiteracy. Aakash2 will bring school-age children connectivity and unprecidented access to books.

Click here to view this gallery.

[More from Mashable: Zynga Holiday Campaign Turns Virtual Goods Into Real-World Donations]

The Aakash2, the second generation of the monumental, ultra-cheap tablet from Indian manufacturer DataWind, arrived in the U.S. Wednesday, with a welcome at the U.N. Headquarters in New York.

DataWind is hoping to prove to the tech and development communities that the $ 40 Aakash2 is faster than its predecessor, the original Aakash, which was much-criticized for its glacial processor.

[More from Mashable: The Top 5 Gadget Innovations of 2012]

You may be wondering what exactly you can put in a tablet that sells for just $ 40.41. The 7-inch Android-powered device has 512 MB of RAM, a 1 Ghz processor, 4 GB of flash memory, a multi-touch capacitative screen, front-facing camera, an internal microphone and speakers. The Aakash2 includes a USB hub, an adapter cable, a wall charger and a 12-month warranty.

Sunseet Singh Tuli, DataWind’s CEO and the visionary behind the tablet, points out that Aakash2 wasn’t conceived for the same demographic as the iPad. It’s developed out of the requisite “frugal innovation” that guides India and the developing world.

“Frugal innovation isn’t about creating an iPad killer, it’s about creating an iPad for him,” said Tuli, pointing to a presentation slide of a lower-class man who’s primary motivation is to receive an education. “This is not a straight commerce effort — it’s an educational effort.”

Even the tablet’s name — Aakash, which means sky in Hindi — references that it was created to awaken students’ potential. The government of India has committed to subsidize 50% of the cost of the device for students, making it available for roughly $ 20.

According to DataWind, the technological breakthrough of the Aakash2, which is why the device can be made so inexpensively, is twofold. First, much of its memory and processing power is transfered to backend servers. Second, the parallel processing environment speeds the user experience in remote areas and congested networks.

The Aakash2 also eliminates hardware features deemed unnecessary for the target audience, such as bluetooth and the HDMI interface. It uses open source software to cut costs, as well.

“This tablet seeks to empower the world’s neediest and bridges the digital divide within our society,” said Hardeep Singh Puri, India’s permanent representative to the U.N. at the launch event. “To us, Aakash2 is the epitome of such high end innovation and excellence.”

The Aakash to was designed and developed in Canada, though it was conceived, assembled and programmed in India. DataWind and the Indian government have received criticism because the process is not entirely domestic, though both said they are committed to moving more of the production process to India when cost allows.

The Indian government has committed to equipping all 220 million students in the country with low-cost computing devices and Internet access over the next five years. To put that number in perspective, just 250,000 tablets were sold in India in 2011. It will cost $ 1.6 billion per year at the rate of equipping 40 million students for each of the next five years. The national government has committed to covering half the cost — $ 800 million per year — and will count on state governments and institutions to cover the remaining 50% of costs. Though it sounds like a daunting figure, $ 800 million is only 5% of India’s annual education budget.

“More and more schools in some of the most impoverished areas are using technology, text messaging and mobile applications to enhance the quality of education and open new doors,” said U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on Wednesday. “Our challenge is to leverage the power of technology and bridge the digital divide.”

During Wednesday’s event at the U.N., Tuli presented Ki-moon with an Aakash2 tablet for each of the U.N. ambassadors.

Not surprisingly, other countries throughout the developing world have noticed the Aakash tablet’s potential. Thailand, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Brazil and Panama have all expressed interest in bringing the low-cost tablet to their students.

“The next arms race is to equip our children with knowledge and information,” Tuli said.

If you’re wondering when you can get your hands on an Aakash2 in the U.S., DataWind plans to begin selling the device in the U.S. in early 2013.

Do you think this low-cost tablet has the power to bridge the digital divide and combat illiteracy? Let us know in the comments.

This story originally published on Mashable here.

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“Searching for Sugar Man” wins Producers Guild documentary nomination

LOS ANGELES (TheWrap.com) – “Searching for Sugar Man” is the best-known of the five films whose producers have been nominated for documentary motion pictures by Producers Guild of America, which announced its nominations on Friday.

Malik Bendjelloul’s film about the rediscovery of ’70s recording artist Rodriguez joined a slate of nominees that also includes Jon Shenk’s doc about the ousted president of the Maldives, “The Island President”; Marius A. Merkevicius‘ story of the 1992 Lithuanian Olympic basketball team, “The Other Dream Team”; Dror Moreh’s chronicle of some members of the Israeli intelligence services, “The Gatekeepers”; and Aaron Yeger’s film about the Roma (gypsies) in Europe, “A People Uncounted.”

The PGA bypassed number of the year’s high-profile docs, including “Bully,” “The Queen of Versailles,” “The Imposter,” “Samsara,” “West of Memphis” and “The Invisible War.”

Of the guild’s choices, only “Sugar Man” was also nominated in the top category at the IDA Awards and the Cinema Eye Honors, the two major awards in the documentary field.

The PGA release:

LOS ANGELES, CA (November 30, 2012) – The Producers Guild of America (PGA) announced today the Documentary Motion Picture nominees that will advance in the voting process for the 24th Annual Producers Guild Awards.

The nominated films, listed below in alphabetical order, are:

A PEOPLE UNCOUNTED

THE GATEKEEPERS

THE ISLAND PRESIDENT

THE OTHER DREAM TEAM

SEARCHING FOR SUGAR MAN

All other nominations for the 2013 Producers Guild Award categories will be announced on January 3, 2013, along with the individual producers.

All 2013 Producers Guild Award winners will be announced on January 26, 2013 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel. This year, the Producers Guild will also award special honors to Bob and Harvey Weinstein, J.J. Abrams, Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner and Russell Simmons, among others. The 2013 Producers Guild Awards Chair is Michael De Luca.

In 1990, the Producers Guild held the first-ever Golden Laurel Awards, which were renamed the Producers Guild Awards in 2002. Richard Zanuck and Lili Fini Zanuck took home the award for Best Produced Motion Picture for DRIVING MISS DAISY, establishing the Guild’s awards as a bellwether for the Oscars. Last year, the PGA awarded THE ARTIST with its Darryl F. Zanuck Producer of the Year Award in Theatrical Motion Pictures, marking the fifth consecutive year the Producers Guild has presaged the Academy of Motion Picture’s choice.

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Teens may buy less tobacco when displays are hidden

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) – A new study conducted using a virtual reality game suggests teens may be less likely to try to buy cigarettes at convenience stories if they aren’t sold in plain sight behind the counter.

Requiring stores to hide tobacco product displays is one option some states are considering to curb teen smoking after the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 was passed, according to the study’s lead author.

“We know the retail environment is a very important place for tobacco companies to advertise and market their products,” said Annice Kim, from the independent research institute RTI International in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

“They’re prominently displayed at the point of sale, and it exposes all customers, including kids.”

Kim’s team wanted to test the effects of covering up such cigarette displays on teen shopping and opinion. But the researchers couldn’t conduct a real-world experiment because as of yet, no states have banned the displays.

So they designed a virtual reality game and sent more than 1,200 youth, between age 13 and 17, into a simulated online convenience store. Researchers asked the participants to select four items in the store: a snack from the aisles, a drink from the coolers and two products of their choice from the checkout counter.

In some scenarios, the cabinet behind the counter prominently displayed cigarettes, while other teens saw the cabinet closed and the display covered up.

Any teens that tried to ask the cashier for cigarettes were denied because of age – but what the researchers were interested in was how many asked.

Depending on other changes they made to the virtual convenience stores, the researchers found that 16 to 24 percent of teens tried to buy tobacco when the display was open, compared to 9 to 11 percent when it was closed.

In a post-virtual shopping survey, whether cigarettes were openly displayed wasn’t clearly tied to teens’ perceptions of how easy it would be to buy tobacco products if a similar store existed in their neighborhood.

However, 32 percent of youth said they were aware cigarettes were available for sale when the display case was closed in their virtual store, compared to 85 percent of those who had the open version, according to findings published Monday in Pediatrics.

“Policies that require retailers to store tobacco products out of view… could have a positive public health impact,” Kim told Reuters Health.

Still, she said this single study, funded by the New York State Department of Health, would have to be considered along with other evaluations of the display restrictions before making policy recommendations.

One tobacco control researcher not involved in the new study said he thinks there is “strong justification” for hiding cigarette displays from youth, but that this study doesn’t necessarily add much to that debate.

“It certainly shows that tobacco displays get people to think about cigarettes, which is what they’re for,” said Dr. Michael Siegel, from the Boston University School of Public Health.

But, “It can’t be extrapolated into real life, because in real life kids would go to a store when they want to buy cigarettes,” he told Reuters Health.

“I don’t know how many situations there are when a kid is hanging out in a convenience store with nothing to do and says, ‘Oh, I’ll just try a cigarette as long as they’re here.’”

Rather, he said, banning the displays could help prevent youth from being exposed to marketing by cigarette companies and influenced in their attitudes toward smoking.

SOURCE: http://bit.ly/cxXOG Pediatrics, online December 3, 2012.

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